Perspectiva de Segunda Pessoa em Psicoterapia: as inovações fenomenológicas de Carl Rogers / Second Person Perspective in Psychotherapy: the phenomenological innovations of Carl Rogers

O estudo aponta e analisa as inovações clínicas e científicas de Carl Rogers introduzidas à psicoterapia. O foco está no papel da intersubjetividade, aqui entendida como perspectiva de segunda pessoa, mas sem desconsiderar as contribuições advindas das perspectivas de terceira (evidência experimental) e de primeira pessoa (vivência experiencial). O estudo argumenta que a relevância dada a intersubjetividade, a não-diretividade e a abertura à experiência testifica a confluência entre Rogers e o movimento fenomenológico. Tal confluência é realçada pela atenção ao exame dos fatos e fenômenos em múltiplas perspectivas, orientadas pela ética fenomenológica. Neste sentido, o grande equívoco das comparações entre a teoria de Rogers e a fenomenologia está em tomar como ponto de partida uma dada definição de fenomenologia, e não a vivência e a descrição de eventos fenomenais. Por fim, mostra-se como os estudos científicos de Rogers encontram ressonâncias em pesquisas fenomenológicas contemporâneas aplicadas à psicologia.

The study points out and analyzes the clinical and scientific innovations that Carl Rogers introduced to psychotherapy. The focus is on the role of intersubjectivity, here understood as a second-person perspective, but without disregarding the perspectives from third-person (experimental evidence) and first-person (experiential experience). The study argues that the relevance given to intersubjectivity, non-directivity, and openness to experience testifies to the confluence between Rogers and the phenomenological movement. Such confluence is enhanced by examining facts and phenomena from multiple perspectives, guided by phenomenological ethics. In this sense, the mistake in the comparisons between Rogers' theory and phenomenology lies in taking as a starting point given definition of phenomenology, and not the experience and description of phenomenal events. Finally, it shows how Rogers' scientific studies find resonances in contemporary phenomenological research applied to psychology.

Self-Consciousness and Self-Awareness: Associations between Stable and Transitory Levels of Evidence.

The theory of objective self-awareness predicts the assessment of stable or dispositional self-consciousness and transitory or situational self-awareness. The aim of the present research was to investigate potential associations between patterns of experiential self-description to scores on self-report measures of dispositional self-consciousness. A total of 64 Brazilian volunteers (Mage = 29.7, SD = 8.79, 64.1% female) responded to the Revised Self-Consciousness Scale, the Philadelphia Mindfulness Scale, and the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire before participating in an experience sampling protocol. The protocol consisted of random daily requests for up to four self-description experiences across seven consecutive days. Participants recorded audio messages on their mobile phones in reply to each request describing their current experience. Reports were analyzed through a reflexive thematic analysis that produced twenty sub-themes accounting for descriptive markers of experience. Based on those descriptive markers, the qualitative data were then transformed into quantitative data for the situational self-awareness indexes. Evidence of association between self-consciousness and self-awareness was stronger for the awareness subscale in a positive correlation with affective situational self-awareness and in a negative correlation with mental representational transitory self-awareness. Although relational evidence has been provided, the data reinforced the theoretical distinction between self-consciousness and self-awareness.

Perspectiva de Segunda Pessoa em Psicoterapia: as inovações fenomenológicas de Carl Rogers / Perspectiva de Segunda Pessoa em Psicoterapia: asinovações fenomenológicas de Carl RogersSecond Person Perspective in Psychotherapy: the phenomenological innovations of Carl Rogers

O estudo aponta e analisa as inovações clínicas e científicas de Carl Rogers introduzidas à psicoterapia. O foco está no papel da intersubjetividade, aqui entendida como perspectiva de segunda pessoa, mas sem desconsiderar as contribuições advindas das perspectivas de terceira (evidência experimental) e de primeira pessoa (vivência experiencial). O estudo argumenta que a relevância dada a intersubjetividade, a não-diretividade e a abertura à experiência testifica a confluência entre Rogers e o movimento fenomenológico. Tal confluência é realçada pela atenção ao exame dos fatos e fenômenos em múltiplas perspectivas, orientadas pela ética fenomenológica. Neste sentido, o grande equívoco das comparações entre a teoria de Rogers e a fenomenologia está em tomar como ponto de partida uma dada definição de fenomenologia, e não a vivência e a descrição de eventos fenomenais. Por fim, mostra-se como os estudos científicos de Rogers encontram ressonâncias em pesquisas fenomenológicas contemporâneas aplicadas à psicologia. (AU)

The study points out and analyzes the clinical and scientific innovations that Carl Rogers introduced to psychotherapy. The focus is on the role of intersubjectivity, here understood as a second-person perspective, but without disregarding the perspectives from third-person (experimental evidence) and first-person (experiential experience). The study argues that the relevance given to intersubjectivity, non-directivity, and openness to experience testifies to the confluence between Rogers and the phenomenological movement. Such confluence is enhanced by examining facts and phenomena from multiple perspectives, guided by phenomenological ethics. In this sense, the mistake in the comparisons between Rogers’ theory and phenomenology lies in taking as a starting point given definition of phenomenology, and not the experience and description of phenomenal events. Finally, it shows how Rogers’ scientific studies find resonances in contemporary phenomenological research applied to psychology. (AU)

Impact of magnetic resonance angiography parameters on stroke prevention therapy in pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia.

BACKGROUND: Degree of cerebrovascular stenosis in pediatric patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) informs need for chronic transfusion therapy, which has significant risks. Flow artifact, intrinsic to magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), is dependent on technical parameters and can lead to overinterpretation of stenosis. The primary objective of this study was to document any change in stroke prevention therapy that could be attributed to the implementation of a standardized MRA scanning protocol for patients with SCA. METHODS: A standardized MRA scanning protocol with an echo time of less than 5 ms was implemented at Montefiore Medical Center (MMC), NY in May 2016. Retrospective chart review identified 21 pediatric patients with SCA, with an MRA head both pre- and post-May 2016. Arterial stenosis on MRA, machine parameters, and treatment plans were compared pre- and post-implementation. RESULTS: Ten of the 21 patients met inclusion criteria. Previously seen stenosis was re-classified to a lower degree in six of the 10 patients, leading to discontinuation of transfusions in five patients. No patients required escalation of therapy to chronic transfusions. CONCLUSION: Optimizing flow artifact by decreasing echo time to less than 5 ms can improve accurate interpretation of cerebrovascular disease, and ensure appropriate treatment plans are in place for stroke prevention. This is especially important for implementing "TCD With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea (TWiTCH)" clinical trial results in the real-world setting.

Dual-layer spectral CT virtual-non-contrast images aid in parathyroid adenoma analysis and radiation dose reduction: confirmation of findings from dual-energy CT.

4D-parathyroid CT scans have become a mainstay in the evaluation and pre-surgical planning for parathyroid adenomas. Most protocols typically rely on non-contrast images, prior to the arterial and delayed phases. Previous reports with dual-energy CT imaging have highlighted the utility of virtual non-contrast images to help reduce radiation dose while maintaining diagnostic accuracy. Herein, we report two cases of surgically proven parathyroid adenomas diagnosed with 4D-parathyroid CT scans performed on dual-layer spectral scanners, and in retrospect highlight the utility of virtual non-contrast images. To our knowledge, this report provides the first description of virtual non-contrast images from dual-layer spectral CT scanners that could aid in the diagnosis of parathyroid adenomas, confirming similar findings described with dual-energy CT scanners.

Limitações e inconsistências das definições sintéticas para psicologia / Limitations and inconsistencies of synthetic definitions for psychology

O objetivo deste memorandumé a proposição de uma definição conceitual para a psicologia capaz de integrar desdobramentos de objetos, diferenças entre métodos, e variedades de aplicações. O argumento baseia-se no fato óbvio de que existe apenas um psiquismo, mesmo que se reconheça diferentes modos de descrevê-lo, estudá-lo, preveni-lo e tratá-lo. Desde modo, a psicologia pode ser definida como um vasto campo de manifestações impressivas e expressivas as quais podem ser sintetizadas em articulações de suas propriedades afetivas, cognitivas e conativas, podendo tais manifestações serem observáveis (perspectiva de terceira pessoa) ou não (perspectiva de primeira pessoa). Os termos do enunciado serão definidos e discutidos após análise lógica e histórica de definições apresentadas por filósofos e psicólogos, do final do século XIX ao início do século XXI. A proposição assenta-se na esclarecedora diferenciação entre pluralidade de objetos (hierarquia ontológica ou desdobramentos de objetos) e pluralismo de concepções (diversidade epistemológica).

The purpose of this memorandum is to propose a conceptual definition for psychology capable of integrating unfolding objects, methodological differences and application diversity. The argument is based on the obvious fact that there is only one psyche, even if one recognizes different ways of describing, studying, preventing and treating it. Thus, psychology can be defined as a vast field of impressive andexpressive manifestations which can be synthesized in articulations of their affective, cognitive and conative properties, and such manifestations can be observable (third-person perspective) or not (first-person perspective). The enunciation terms will be discussed after logical and historical analysis on definitions presented by philosophers and psychologists, from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21th century. The proposition is based on the clarifying differentiation between plurality of objects (ontological hierarchy or unfolding of objects) and pluralism of conceptions (epistemological diversity).

Limitações e inconsistências das definições sintéticas para psicologia / Limitations and inconsistencies of synthetic definitions for psychology

O objetivo deste memorandumé a proposição de uma definição conceitual para a psicologia capaz de integrar desdobramentos de objetos, diferenças entre métodos, e variedades de aplicações. O argumento baseia-se no fato óbvio de que existe apenas um psiquismo, mesmo que se reconheça diferentes modos de descrevê-lo, estudá-lo, preveni-lo e tratá-lo. Desde modo, a psicologia pode ser definida como um vasto campo de manifestações impressivas e expressivas as quais podem ser sintetizadas em articulações de suas propriedades afetivas, cognitivas e conativas, podendo tais manifestações serem observáveis (perspectiva de terceira pessoa) ou não (perspectiva de primeira pessoa). Os termos do enunciado serão definidos e discutidos após análise lógica e histórica de definições apresentadas por filósofos e psicólogos, do final do século XIX ao início do século XXI. A proposição assenta-se na esclarecedora diferenciação entre pluralidade de objetos (hierarquia ontológica ou desdobramentos de objetos) e pluralismo de concepções (diversidade epistemológica).

The purpose of this memorandum is to propose a conceptual definition for psychology capable of integrating unfolding objects, methodological differences and application diversity. The argument is based on the obvious fact that there is only one psyche, even if one recognizes different ways of describing, studying, preventing and treating it. Thus, psychology can be defined as a vast field of impressive andexpressive manifestations which can be synthesized in articulations of their affective, cognitive and conative properties, and such manifestations can be observable (third-person perspective) or not (first-person perspective). The enunciation terms will be discussed after logical and historical analysis on definitions presented by philosophers and psychologists, from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 21th century. The proposition is based on the clarifying differentiation between plurality of objects (ontological hierarchy or unfolding of objects) and pluralism of conceptions (epistemological diversity).

Brain MRI findings in COVID-19 patients with PRES: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Numerous case reports and case series have described brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) findings in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with concurrent posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). PURPOSE: We aim to compile and analyze brain MRI findings in patients with COVID-19 disease and PRES. METHODS: PubMed and Embase were searched on April 5th, 2021 using the terms "COVID-19", "PRES", "SARS-CoV-2" for peer-reviewed publications describing brain MRI findings in patients 21 years of age or older with evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and PRES. RESULTS: Twenty manuscripts were included in the analysis, which included descriptions of 30 patients. The average age was 57 years old. Twenty-four patients (80%) required mechanical ventilation. On brain MRI examinations, 15 (50%) and 7 (23%) of patients exhibited superimposed foci of hemorrhage and restricted diffusion respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PRES is a potential neurological complication of COVID-19 related disease. COVID-19 patients with PRES may exhibit similar to mildly greater rates of superimposed hemorrhage compared to non-COVID-19 PRES patients.

Reabilitação estética de dentes anteriores com coroas de cerâmica pura: relato de caso clínico / Aesthetic rehabilitation of previous teeth with clear ceramic crowns: clinical case report

Na Odontologia, o tratamento adequado depende da condição clínica de cada paciente, do conhecimento do profissional e dos materiais empregados. As coroas com sistemas cerâmicos puros se apresentam como excelente alternativa restauradora, demonstrando potencial estético superior ao das coroas metalocerâmicas. Este presente estudo teve como objetivo, relatar um caso clínico onde se realizou uma reabilitação estética de dentes anteriores com coroas de cerâmica pura à base de dissilicato de lítio. O paciente apresentava falta de harmonia e estética entre os dentes anteriores 12,11,21 e 22, na qual foi planejado e executado a reabilitação com coroas E-max desses elementos, bem como a substituição das restaurações dos dentes inferiores anteriores, e também foi realizado a confecção de coroa E-max do dente 35. Concluímos que as reabilitações estéticas de dentes anteriores com coroas de sistemas cerâmicos puros à base de dissilicato de lítio se apresentam como uma excelente alternativa reabilitadora, na qual o tratamento multidisciplinar é um fator considerado essencial, possibilitando restabelecer a estética e a funcionalidade do sorriso do paciente, a fim de alcançar o êxito do tratamento reabilitador(AU)

In dentistry, the appropriate treatment depends on the clinical condition of each patient, the knowledge of the professional and the materials used. Crowns with pure ceramic systems are an excellent restorative alternative, demonstrating an aesthetic potential superior to that of metalloceramic crowns. This present study aimed to report a clinical case where an aesthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth was performed with crowns of pure ceramic based on lithium disilicate. The patient had a lack of harmony and aesthetics between the anterior teeth 12,11,21 and 22, in which the rehabilitation with E-max crowns of these elements was planned and performed, as well as the replacement of the anterior lower teeth restorations, and was also made the E-max crown of tooth 35. We conclude that the aesthetic rehabilitation of anterior teeth with crowns of pure ceramic systems based on lithium disilicate is an excellent alternative for rehabilitation, in which multidisciplinary treatment is considered an essential factor, making it possible to restore the aesthetics and functionality of the patient's smile, in order to achieve the success of the rehabilitation treatment(AU)

Who is in charge when I have a headache? Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale.

BACKGROUND: Headache-Specific Locus of Control (LOC) refers to individuals' beliefs about their control over the onset, course and consequences of headaches. LOC beliefs have been associated with depression, coping strategies, headache-related disability and treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To test the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale (HSLC). METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four migraine outpatients completed the HSLC and provided measurements of psychopathological symptoms, pain catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, quality of life and headache-related disability. RESULTS: The three-factor structure of the HSLC (LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I) was confirmed in the Brazilian sample. The instrument showed good internal consistency, with Cronbach's α of 0.77 for total HSLC and 0.70, 0.83 and 0.87, for LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I, respectively. LOC-C correlated with headache frequency and headache intensity. Along with headache intensity, depression and pain catastrophizing, LOC-I accounted for 45% of the variance (adjusted R2=0.45; F=12.97; p<0.01) in headache-related disability. CONCLUSIONS: The Brazilian version of the HSLC is a valid and reliable measure of headache-specific LOC beliefs. It is important to consider the balance between the three LOCs for each individual, instead of interpreting them separately.

Who is in charge when I have a headache? Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale / Quem está no comando quando tenho uma cefaleia? Versão brasileira de Escala de Lócus de Controle Específica para Cefaleia

ABSTRACT Background: Headache-Specific Locus of Control (LOC) refers to individuals' beliefs about their control over the onset, course and consequences of headaches. LOC beliefs have been associated with depression, coping strategies, headache-related disability and treatment outcomes. Objective: To test the cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of a Brazilian version of the Headache-Specific Locus of Control Scale (HSLC). Methods: One hundred and thirty-four migraine outpatients completed the HSLC and provided measurements of psychopathological symptoms, pain catastrophizing, depression, anxiety, quality of life and headache-related disability. Results: The three-factor structure of the HSLC (LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I) was confirmed in the Brazilian sample. The instrument showed good internal consistency, with Cronbach's α of 0.77 for total HSLC and 0.70, 0.83 and 0.87, for LOC-P, LOC-C and LOC-I, respectively. LOC-C correlated with headache frequency and headache intensity. Along with headache intensity, depression and pain catastrophizing, LOC-I accounted for 45% of the variance (adjusted R2=0.45; F=12.97; p<0.01) in headache-related disability. Conclusions: The Brazilian version of the HSLC is a valid and reliable measure of headache-specific LOC beliefs. It is important to consider the balance between the three LOCs for each individual, instead of interpreting them separately.

RESUMO Introdução: O lócus de controle específico para a dor de cabeça (LOC) refere-se às crenças dos indivíduos acerca de seu controle sobre o início, o curso e as consequências das dores de cabeça. As crenças sobre LOC têm sido associadas à depressão, às estratégias de enfrentamento, à incapacidade relacionada às dores de cabeça e aos resultados do tratamento. Objetivo: Testar a adaptação transcultural e as propriedades psicométricas de uma versão brasileira da Escala de Lócus de Controle Específico para Dor de Cabeça (HSLC). Método: Cento e trinta e quatro pacientes ambulatoriais com enxaqueca completaram a HSLC e medidas de sintomas psicopatológicos, catastrofização da dor, depressão, ansiedade, qualidade de vida e incapacidade relacionada à dor de cabeça. Resultados: A estrutura de 3 fatores da HSLC (LOC-P, LOC-C e LOC-I) foi confirmada na amostra brasileira. O instrumento demonstrou boa consistência interna, com α de Cronbach de 0,77 para HSLC total e de 0,70, 0,83 e 0,87 para LOC-P, LOC-C e LOC-I, respectivamente. LOC-C correlacionou-se com a frequência e a intensidade da dor de cabeça. Acompanhado de intensidade da dor de cabeça, depressão e catastrofização da dor, o LOC-I foi responsável por 45% da variância (R2 ajustado=0,45; F=12,97; p<0,01) na incapacidade relacionada à dor de cabeça. Conclusões: A versão brasileira da HSLC é uma medida válida e confiável de crenças de LOC específicas para dor de cabeça. É importante considerar o equilíbrio entre os três LOCs para cada indivíduo, em vez de interpretá-los separadamente.

Nocturnal hypertension associated with stroke and silent cerebral infarcts in children with sickle cell disease.

BACKGROUND: Strokes and silent cerebral infarcts (SCIs) lead to significant morbidity and mortality in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Higher systolic blood pressures increase risk for stroke and SCIs; however, patients with SCD often have lower clinic blood pressures than the general population. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) allows for more robust examination of blood pressures. This study evaluated associations between abnormal ABPM measurements with stroke and SCIs. PROCEDURE: A cross-sectional study was performed. Children with SCD completed 24-hour ABPMs. Children with a documented magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain within a year of the ABPM were included in the analysis. Bivariate analyses were performed to identify associations between ABPM parameters with cerebrovascular outcomes. RESULTS: Forty-two children with a median age of 13 years (10, 17) were included in the analysis. Seven (17%) had history of stroke and seven (17%) had SCIs. Nocturnal hypertension, elucidated via 24-hour ABPM, was noted in 25% of subjects. The presence of nocturnal hypertension was significantly higher in the SCI/stroke group (55% vs 12%, P = .01). Sensitivity analyses were performed during which stroke patients were removed from analysis. Nocturnal hypertension remained significantly associated with the presence of SCIs (P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals an association between nocturnal hypertension and a higher prevalence of SCI and stroke in children with SCD. Larger, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate the contributory nature of blood pressure abnormalities to cerebrovascular events in children with SCD.

Pluralidade de objeto versus pluralismo de concepções em teorias psicológicas / The plurality of object versus pluralism of conceptions on psychological theories

Unidade (pluralidade) versus desunidade (pluralismo) tem sido debate conceitual frequente em torno da existência de uma ou de várias psicologias. Na literatura, os debates se intensificaram com a série Psychology: A Study of a Science, editados por SigmundKoch, entre 1959 e 1963. No final dos seis volumes publicados, Koch concluiu que a psicologia não é uma ciência coerente, e sim uma coleção de estudos, variando entre maior ou menor rigor científico. Desde então, o tema tem sido frequente nos poucos periódicos abertos à psicologia teórica, trazendo proposições de teorias unificadoras, defesa de unificação por áreas, ou alegações de que a grandeza da disciplina está na diversidade. O presente artigo argumenta que a premente necessidade não é de teorias que sugiram modos de unidade, mas de critérios que apontem para possibilidades de se mover com proveito entre teorias, atento às surpreendentes relações implícitas entre elas.

Unity (plurality) versus disunity (pluralism) has been a frequent conceptual debate about the existence of one or more psychologies. In literature, the debates have intensified with the series Psychology: A Study of a Science, edited by Sigmund Koch, between 1959 and 1963. At the end of the sixpublished volumes, Koch concluded that psychology is not a coherent science but a collection of studies, rangingfrom greater or lesser scientific rigor. Since then, the theme has been frequent in the few journals open to theoretical psychology, bringing propositions of unifying theories, defense of unification by areas, or claims that the greatness of the discipline lies in diversity. This article argues that the pressing need is not for theories that suggest modes of unity, but for criteria that point to possibilities of moving successfully between theories, taking into account the surprising implicit relationships among them.

Pluralidade de objeto versus pluralismo de concepções em teorias psicológicas / The plurality of object versus pluralism of conceptions on psychological theories

Unidade (pluralidade) versus desunidade (pluralismo) tem sido debate conceitual frequente em torno da existência de uma ou de várias psicologias. Na literatura, os debates se intensificaram com a série Psychology: A Study of a Science, editados por SigmundKoch, entre 1959 e 1963. No final dos seis volumes publicados, Koch concluiu que a psicologia não é uma ciência coerente, e sim uma coleção de estudos, variando entre maior ou menor rigor científico. Desde então, o tema tem sido frequente nos poucos periódicos abertos à psicologia teórica, trazendo proposições de teorias unificadoras, defesa de unificação por áreas, ou alegações de que a grandeza da disciplina está na diversidade. O presente artigo argumenta que a premente necessidade não é de teorias que sugiram modos de unidade, mas de critérios que apontem para possibilidades de se mover com proveito entre teorias, atento às surpreendentes relações implícitas entre elas.

Unity (plurality) versus disunity (pluralism) has been a frequent conceptual debate about the existence of one or more psychologies. In literature, the debates have intensified with the series Psychology: A Study of a Science, edited by Sigmund Koch, between 1959 and 1963. At the end of the sixpublished volumes, Koch concluded that psychology is not a coherent science but a collection of studies, rangingfrom greater or lesser scientific rigor. Since then, the theme has been frequent in the few journals open to theoretical psychology, bringing propositions of unifying theories, defense of unification by areas, or claims that the greatness of the discipline lies in diversity. This article argues that the pressing need is not for theories that suggest modes of unity, but for criteria that point to possibilities of moving successfully between theories, taking into account the surprising implicit relationships among them.

Differentiation of hemorrhage from contrast enhancement using dual-layer spectral CT in patients transferred for acute stroke.

Acute stroke patients transferred to thrombectomy capable centers (TCC), undergo a CT head exam upon arrival at the TCC to evaluate for ASPECTS decay and intracranial hemorrhage. In patients who received iodinated contrast prior to transfer, parenchymal enhancement may simulate hemorrhage on this post-transfer CT. We report two cases utilizing CT spectral imaging to differentiate between parenchymal contrast enhancement and hemorrhage in this setting. TCC may consider dual-energy or dual-layer (spectral) imaging for this patient cohort.

Selective Head versus Whole Body Cooling Treatment of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: Comparison of Electroencephalogram and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the utility of electroencephalogram (EEG) and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect brain dysfunction and injury across a cohort of newborn infants treated with selective head cooling (SHC) or whole body cooling (WBC). STUDY DESIGN: Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) is a standard neuroprotection tool for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. Sixty-six newborns, SHC (n = 22) and WBC (n = 44), were studied utilizing standardized scoring systems for interpretation of EEG and MRI based on the severity of the findings. RESULTS: SHC- and WBC-treated groups did not differ significantly amongst most of the baseline parameters. EEGs obtained postcooling were abnormal in 58 of 61 (95%) infants. The severity of the EEG background changes (depressed and undifferentiated background) was more prevalent in the SHC (8/21 [38%]) than in the WBC group (5/40 [13%]). Brain MRIs showed HIE changes in 26 of 62 (42%) newborns treated with TH. MRI abnormalities of basal ganglia, thalamic, and parenchymal lesions were more common in the SHC (5/19) versus the WBC group (3/43); p = 0.04. CONCLUSION: EEG abnormalities and MRI findings of HIE were more prevalent in the SHC than in the WBC group. WBC may offer better or at least similar neuroprotection to infants with HIE.

CT of the Neck: Image Analysis and Reporting in the Emergency Setting.

Interpreting findings seen at CT of the neck is challenging owing to the complex and nuanced anatomy of the neck, which contains multiple organ systems in a relatively small area. In the emergency department setting, CT is performed to investigate acute infectious or inflammatory symptoms and chronic processes. With few exceptions, neck CT should be performed with intravenous contrast material, which accentuates abnormally enhancing phlegmonous and neoplastic tissues and can be used to delineate any abscesses or necrotic areas. As part of the evaluation, the vascular structures and aerodigestive tract must be scrutinized, particularly for patency. Furthermore, although the patient may present because of symptoms that suggest non-life-threatening conditions involving structures such as the teeth or salivary glands, there may be serious implications for other areas, such as the orbits, brain, and spinal cord, that also may be revealed at the examination. With a focus on the emergency setting, the authors propose using an approach to interpreting neck CT findings whereby 12 areas are systematically evaluated and reported on: the cutaneous and subcutaneous soft tissues, aerodigestive tract and adjacent soft tissues, teeth and periodontal tissues, thyroid gland, salivary glands, lymph nodes, vascular structures, bony airspaces, cervical spine, orbits and imaged brain, lung apices, and superior mediastinum. The use of a systematic approach to interpreting neck CT findings is essential for identifying all salient findings, recognizing and synthesizing the implications of these findings to formulate the correct diagnosis, and reporting the findings and impressions in a complete, clear, and logical manner.Online supplemental material is available for this article.©RSNA, 2019.

Revolução cognitiva e processamento de informação sessenta anos depois: retrospectiva e tendências / Cognitive revolution and information processing sixty years later: retrospective and trends

A Revolução Cognitiva em psicologia foi um movimento que eclodiu na década de 1950, dando origem ao que ficou conhecido como abordagem ou paradigma do processamento de informação. Comemorando os sessenta anos desse movimento, este artigo visa discutir os desenvolvimentos históricos e epistemológicos da suposta revolução, sobretudo o uso indiscriminado das expressões kuhnianas, sobejamente empregadas como uma das justificativas para o aparecimento do processamento da informação. Ao mesmo tempo, apresenta dois tópicos de pesquisas na área cognitiva, a atenção e memória, com alguns exemplos de continuidade das pesquisas com base experimental, uma tendência que continua forte desde aquela época, bem como exemplos de estudos que representam uma aliança produtiva da psicologia cognitiva com os avanços neurocientíficos. Como conclusão, o movimento, embora criticado na sua pretensão revolucionária e paradigmática, continua tendo grande valor heurístico na sua dimensão experimental, assim como nas alianças com as neurociências ou outras áreas das ciências cognitivas.

Cognitive Revolution refers to a movement that broke out in the 1950s, giving rise to socalled information processing approach or paradigm. Celebrating sixty years of this movement, this article discusses the historical and epistemological developments of the supposed revolution, especially the indiscriminate use of Kuhn's expressions, widely used as one of the reasons for the appearance of information processing. At the same time, we present two topics of research in the cognitive area, attention and memory, with some examples of continuing research on experimental basis, a trend that is strong since that time, as well as examples of studies that represent a productive alliance of cognitive psychology with neuroscientific advances. In conclusion, the movement, although criticized in its revolutionary paradigmatic claim, continues to have great heuristic value in its experimental dimension as well as in alliances with the neurosciences and other areas of the cognitive sciences.

Revolução cognitiva e processamento de informação sessenta anos depois: retrospectiva e tendências / Cognitive revolution and information processing sixty years later: retrospective and trends

A Revolução Cognitiva em psicologia foi um movimento que eclodiu na década de 1950,dando origem ao que ficou conhecido como abordagem ou paradigma do processamento de informação. Comemorando os sessenta anos desse movimento, este artigo visa discutir os desenvolvimentos históricos e epistemológicos da suposta revolução,sobretudo o uso indiscriminado das expressões kuhnianas, sobejamente empregadas como uma das justificativas para o aparecimento do processamento da informação. Ao mesmo tempo, apresenta dois tópicos de pesquisas na área cognitiva, a atenção e memória, com alguns exemplos de continuidade das pesquisas com base experimental,uma tendência que continua forte desde aquela época, bem como exemplos de estudos que representam uma aliança produtiva da psicologia cognitiva com os avanços neurocientíficos. Como conclusão, o movimento, embora criticado na sua pretensão revolucionária e paradigmática, continua tendo grande valor heurístico na sua dimensão experimental, assim como nas alianças com as neurociências ou outras áreas das ciências cognitivas.(AU)

Cognitive Revolution refers to a movement that broke out in the 1950s, giving rise to socalled information processing approach or paradigm. Celebrating sixty years of this movement, this article discusses the historical and epistemological developments of the supposed revolution, especially the indiscriminate use of Kuhn's expressions, widely used as one of the reasons for the appearance of information processing. At the sametime, we present two topics of research in the cognitive area, attention and memory, with some examples of continuing research on experimental basis, a trend that is strong since that time, as well as examples of studies that represent a productive alliance of cognitive psychology with neuroscientific advances. In conclusion, the movement, although criticized in its revolutionary paradigmatic claim, continues to have great heuristic value in its experimental dimension as well as in alliances with the neurosciences and other areas of the cognitive sciences.(AU)

Incidence and Outcomes of Pituitary Microadenomas in Children with Short Stature/Growth Hormone Deficiency.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients with short stature (SS)/growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and precocious puberty (PP) undergo brain MRI to evaluate for structural brain abnormalities or pituitary lesions, and pituitary microadenomas are a common finding. Theoretically, a mass effect from these lesions could cause GHD and growth hormone treatment could cause them to enlarge, but they should not cause PP, at least in females. METHODS: We investigated if pituitary microadenomas cause GHD by comparing their incidence in patients with SS/GHD to that in females with PP. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with these disorders who had a brain MRI between 2000 and 2013. RESULTS: The incidence of microadenoma was high in both groups, 18.5% for SS (n = 346) and 21.1% for PP females (n = 194), but did not differ between groups (p = 0.46). In patients with microadenomas, repeat imaging showed resolution in 58% (SS, n = 33) and 67% (PP females, n = 21). Importantly, none of the lesions grew, even in patients treated with growth hormone. CONCLUSIONS: Pituitary microadenomas are common in children with GHD/SS and PP, but it does not appear that they are a cause of GHD. They appear to be of limited clinical significance and should not be considered a contraindication to growth hormone therapy.